Foot Fungus: Best Treatments & Shoe Features For Condition

Toenail fungus, also known as onychomycosis, is a common fungal infection that affects the nails of the toes and fingers. It is caused by a group of fungi called dermatophytes, yeasts, and non-dermatophyte molds, which thrive in warm, moist environments such as sweaty socks and shoes.

It most commonly affects adults, but it can also affect children. Although toenail fungus can be treated with antifungal medications, it can be difficult to eradicate completely and may require long-term therapy. [1,2,3]

In this article, we will explore the different types of toenail fungus, its common causes, the shoe features best for foot fungus, holistic methods for curing foot fungus, and ways to prevent spreading if contagious.

Types of Foot Fungus

Athlete's foot, also known as tinea pedis, is caused by three types of fungi: Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton interdigitale (formerly Trichophyton mentagrophytes), and Epidermophyton floccosum.

Tinea pedis can appear in different ways and is classified into three types:

• Interdigital tinea pedis: This type of infection appears as itchy scales or erosions between the toes, particularly in the third and fourth spaces between the toes. These fissures can cause pain and discomfort.
• Hyperkeratotic (moccasin-type) tinea pedis: This type of infection is characterized by a thick, scaly rash that spreads across the soles of the feet and up the sides, resembling a "moccasin" distribution. There may be some redness underneath the scales.
• Vesiculobullous (inflammatory) tinea pedis: This type of infection causes a painful, itchy rash with blisters or fluid-filled bumps. It often affects the inner part of the foot.

In the case of nail infections, or onychomycosis, it can also be caused by different types of fungi: dermatophyte, yeast, and nondermatophyte mold infections. Dermatophyte infections are the most common and account for 60 to 70 percent of all nail infections, and trichophyton rubrum is the most common dermatophyte found in nail infections. [4]

Common Causes of Foot Fungus

Toenail fungus is caused by the growth of fungi in and around the toenails. These fungi thrive in warm, moist environments and can easily spread from one person to another. Some of the common causes of toenail fungus include:

• Poor hygiene: Not keeping the feet clean and dry can create an ideal environment for fungal growth.
• Wearing tight shoes: Shoes that are too tight can cause friction and pressure on the toenails, leading to fungal infections.
• Sweaty socks: Wearing socks that trap moisture can increase the risk of toenail fungus. [5]
• Walking barefoot in public places: Public showers, locker rooms, and swimming pools can be breeding grounds for fungi that cause toenail fungus.
• Other predisposing factors may include having chronic-degenerative diseases like diabetes mellitus. [6]

Shoe Features Best for Foot Fungus

Choosing the right shoes is essential to prevent foot fungus, as the wrong footwear can increase the risk of fungal infections. Shoes that do not allow for proper air circulation and keep feet moist are a breeding ground for fungi that can lead to toenail fungus and other foot problems. Therefore, it's essential to look for shoes that have the following features that promote good foot hygiene:

• Breathability: Shoes made of breathable materials such as leather with perforated holes at the toe box or mesh allow air to circulate and keep the feet dry. Some styles also have insoles with open cell foam which allows more air to flow through the shoes during wear.
• Wide toe box: Shoes with a wider toe box provide more room for the toes to move and reduce the risk of fungal infections. With your toes being able to spread out you can prevent heat from friction which can cause your feet to sweat creating an ideal environment for foot fungus.
• Low heels: Shoes with low heels put less pressure on the toenails and reduce the risk of toenail fungus.
• Removable insoles: Shoes with removable insoles allow for easy cleaning and airing out, reducing the risk of fungal growth. If your feet sweat when wearing shoes or have moisture, be sure to remove insoles after wearing to let the insoles dry out.

Holistic Methods for Curing Foot Fungus

In addition to conventional treatments, there are several natural remedies that may help to alleviate the symptoms of toenail fungus. These remedies include:

• Apple cider vinegar: Soaking the feet in a mixture of apple cider vinegar and warm water can help to kill the fungi that cause toenail fungus. The suggested mixture is to use 1 part apple cider vinegar to 2 parts water. However, studies regarding the efficacy of this method are still limited.
• Baking soda: baking soda has antifungal properties and can be used to treat toenail fungus by mixing it with water to create a paste. Mix enough baking soda into water to create a thick paste. Apply the paste to the affected area and let sit for approximately 15 minutes. Rinse and repeat 3 to 4 times per day until symptoms have been healed.
• Tea tree oil: Applying tea tree oil to the affected nails can help to kill the fungi that cause toenail fungus. Apply a small amount the infected area with a cotton swab to help remedy the foot condition.
• Garlic: Garlic has antifungal properties and can be applied directly to the affected nails or taken orally as a supplement. For topical application, peel a garlic clove and cut in half. Rub the cut side of the garlic clove to the affected area.

Prevent Spreading of Foot Fungus

Toenail fungus is highly contagious and can be easily spread from person to person. To prevent the spreading of toenail fungus, follow these tips:

• Wear socks: Always wear clean, dry socks to prevent the spread of toenail fungus.
• Avoid barefoot in public: Avoid walking barefoot in public places, especially around swimming pools, locker rooms, and showers.
• Disinfect shoes: Disinfect shoes with antifungal sprays or powders. Apply the spray or powder to shoes after every wear.
• Avoid sharing personal items: Do not share personal items such as towels, nail clippers, or shoes with others, as this can spread toenail fungus.
• Maintain good hygiene: Keep the feet clean and dry by washing them regularly and changing socks daily.

Conclusion

Toenail fungus is a common fungal infection that can affect people of all ages. Fortunately, it is a highly treatable condition, and there are various treatment options available. These include oral and topical medications, device-based therapies, and natural remedies. However, there are special treatment considerations for children, pregnant women, and elderly patients, so it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate and safe treatment approach.

In addition to medical treatments, proper hygiene practices and preventive measures can help to alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of toenail fungus. By keeping feet clean and dry, wearing breathable shoes and socks, and avoiding walking barefoot in public places, individuals can lower their risk of infection. If you suspect that you have toenail fungus, seek medical attention promptly for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. With proper care and attention, toenail fungus can be effectively treated, allowing individuals to maintain healthy feet.

References:

1. Leung, K. C., Lam, J. M., Leong, K. F., Hon, K. L., Barankin, B., Leung, A. M., & Wong, H. C. (2020). Onychomycosis: An Updated Review. Inflammation & Allergy Drug Targets, 14(1), 32-45. https://doi.org/10.2174/1872213X13666191026090713
2. Hoy N.Y., Leung A.K., Metelitsa A.I., Adams S. New concepts in median nail dystrophy, onychomycosis, and hand, foot, and mouth disease nail pathology. ISRN Dermatol. 2012;2012: 680163. doi: 10.5402/2012/680163.
3. Vlahovic T.C. Onychomycosis: Evaluation, treatment options, managing recurrence, and patient outcomes. Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. 2016;33(3):305–318. doi: 10.1016/j.cpm.2016.02.001.
4. Lipner SR, Scher RK. Onychomycosis: Clinical overview and diagnosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(4):835-851. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.03.062
5. Sasagawa Y. Internal environment of footwear is a risk factor for tinea pedis. J Dermatol. 2019;46(11):940-946. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.15060
6. Oz Y, Qoraan I, Oz A, Balta I. Prevalence and epidemiology of tinea pedis and toenail onychomycosis and antifungal susceptibility of the causative agents in patients with type 2 diabetes in Turkey. Int J Dermatol. 2017;56(1):68-74. doi:10.1111/ijd.13402

About author:

Elizabeth is a primary care physician and MSc in infectious diseases. She offers a unique combination of medical expertise and research training with 3 years of experience as a medical writer/editor and patient engagement associate.